784 research outputs found
Spherically symmetric dissipative anisotropic fluids: A general study
The full set of equations governing the evolution of self--gravitating
spherically symmetric dissipative fluids with anisotropic stresses is deployed
and used to carry out a general study on the behaviour of such systems, in the
context of general relativity. Emphasis is given to the link between the Weyl
tensor, the shear tensor, the anisotropy of the pressure and the density
inhomogeneity. In particular we provide the general, necessary and sufficient,
condition for the vanishing of the spatial gradients of energy density, which
in turn suggests a possible definition of a gravitational arrow of time. Some
solutions are also exhibited to illustrate the discussion.Comment: 28 pages Latex. To appear in Phys.Rev.
Topological Orthoalgebras
We define topological orthoalgebras (TOAs) and study their properties. While
every topological orthomodular lattice is a TOA, the lattice of projections of
a Hilbert space is an example of a lattice-ordered TOA that is not a toplogical
lattice. On the other hand, we show that every compact Boolean TOA is a
topological Boolean algebra. We also show that a compact TOA in which 0 is an
isolated point is atomic and of finite height. We identify and study a
particularly tractable class of TOAs, which we call {\em stably ordered}: those
in which the upper-set generated by an open set is open. This includes all
topological OMLs, and also the projection lattices of Hilbert spaces. Finally,
we obtain a topological version of the Foulis-Randall representation theory for
stably ordered TOAsComment: 16 pp, LaTex. Minor changes and corrections in sections 1; more
substantial corrections in section
Monte-Carlo Simulations of Radiation-Induced Activation in a Fast-Neutron and Gamma- Based Cargo Inspection System
An air cargo inspection system combining two nuclear reaction based
techniques, namely Fast-Neutron Resonance Radiography and Dual-Discrete-Energy
Gamma Radiography is currently being developed. This system is expected to
allow detection of standard and improvised explosives as well as special
nuclear materials. An important aspect for the applicability of nuclear
techniques in an airport inspection facility is the inventory and lifetimes of
radioactive isotopes produced by the neutron and gamma radiation inside the
cargo, as well as the dose delivered by these isotopes to people in contact
with the cargo during and following the interrogation procedure. Using MCNPX
and CINDER90 we have calculated the activation levels for several typical
inspection scenarios. One example is the activation of various metal samples
embedded in a cotton-filled container. To validate the simulation results, a
benchmark experiment was performed, in which metal samples were activated by
fast-neutrons in a water-filled glass jar. The induced activity was determined
by analyzing the gamma spectra. Based on the calculated radioactive inventory
in the container, the dose levels due to the induced gamma radiation were
calculated at several distances from the container and in relevant time windows
after the irradiation, in order to evaluate the radiation exposure of the cargo
handling staff, air crew and passengers during flight. The possibility of
remanent long-lived radioactive inventory after cargo is delivered to the
client is also of concern and was evaluated.Comment: Proceedings of FNDA 201
Review of Dental Impression Materials
Major advances in impression materials and their application have occurred during the last decade, with greater emphasis being placed on rubber impression materials than on dental compound, zinc oxide-eugenol, and agar and alginate. Of particular interest has been the effect of disinfection solutions on the qualities of impressions and the biocompatibility of impression materials. The principal advance in hydrocolloids has been the introduction of the agar/alginate impression technique, which has simplified the procedure and improved the quality of gypsum dies compared with those prepared in alginate impressions. The tear strength of some alginates has been improved, and some have been formulated so that the powder is dustless, thus reducing the health hazard as a result of patient inhalation of dust during the dispensing process. Polyether and silicone impression materials have been modified so that the working time, viscosity, and flexibility of the polyethers have been improved and, with the introduction of addition silicones, their accuracy has become exceptional. Although the early addition silicones liberated hydrogen after setting, thus delaying the pouring of models and dies, most addition silicones have been improved so that no hydrogen is released and dies can be poured immediately. The introduction of automatic mixing systems for addition silicones has simplified their manipulation, has reduced the number of voids in impressions, and has reduced the amount of material wasted. The incorporation of surfactants into addition silicones has made them hydrophilic, with wetting properties similar to those of polyethers, and has made pouring bubble-free gypsum dies easier. This review is confined to published and unpublished information of the past decade. It will also suggest trends that should be anticipated in the near future based on this information. The review will not present information developed before 1975, which is available in several textbooks on dental materials by Craig (1985a), Phillips (1982), and Williams and Cunningham (1979).Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66604/2/10.1177_08959374880020012001.pd
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